Master GCSE Biology

MS1

- A chromosome is a long, thin structure made of DNA and proteins (1)

- Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (1)

MS2

- Meiosis is a process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in gametes (1)

- Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis results in different combinations of alleles (1)

- Crossing over during meiosis leads to the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes (1)

MS3

- Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that make them better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (1)

- Over time, this leads to the accumulation of favorable traits within a population (1)

- If the accumulated traits become significant enough, they can lead to the emergence of a new species (1)

MS4

- Genotype is the combination of alleles an individual has for a particular gene (1)

- Phenotype is the observable characteristics of an individual, resulting from the interaction of genotype and environment (1)

MS5

- Genetic disorders can be more common in populations due to: (1)

- Founder effect: When a small group of individuals establish a new population, they carry a limited gene pool (1)

- Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies in small populations can increase the prevalence of certain disorders (1)

MS6

- Ethical considerations: (1)

- Potential harm or unintended consequences to the modified organism (1)

- Impacts on the environment and biodiversity (1)

- Concerns about "playing God" and altering the natural order (1)

- Benefits: (1)

- Potential cures for genetic diseases

- Improved crop yields and livestock productivity

- Creation of new biofuels and materials

MS7

- A clone is a group of genetically identical individuals (1)

- Created asexually from a single parent (1)

MS8

- Selective breeding involves mating individuals with desirable traits to produce offspring with improved characteristics (1)

- Over several generations, the desired traits become more prevalent in the population (1)

- Example: Breeding for specific coat colors in dogs (1)

MS9

- DNA is a molecule that carries genetic information (1)

- It is found in chromosomes in the nucleus of cells (1)

- DNA is made up of nucleotides that code for specific amino acids (1)

- The sequence of nucleotides determines the specific traits and characteristics of an organism (1)

MS10

- Mutation (1)