Expert Physics Tutoring

MS1:

- Impulse is force applied over time (1)

- Unit is Newton seconds (Ns) (1)

MS2:

- Rapid inflation increases surface area (1)

- Spreads force over a greater area, reducing peak pressure (1)

- Decreases the impact force on the occupant (1)

MS3:

- Impulse = mv - mu (1)

- Where m is mass, v is initial velocity, u is final velocity (1)

- Substituting values: 0.25 * (10 - (-5)) (1)

- Impulse = 3.75 Ns (1)

MS4:

- Magnitude of the force (1)

- Duration of the impact (1)

MS5:

- Crumble zones absorb energy by crumpling (1)

- This increases the duration of the impact, reducing the average force (1)

- Protects passengers by reducing the peak force experienced (1)

MS6:

- Momentum before impact = Momentum after impact (1)

- For car: m1v1 = (m1 + m2)v (1)

- Substituting values: 1200 * 15 = (1200 + 800) * v (1)

- Velocity after impact = 9 m/s (1)

MS7:

- Kinetic energy (KE) is proportional to the square of the momentum (p) (1)

- KE = 1/2 * mv² (1)

MS8:

- Helmet absorbs the impact force over a larger area (1)

- Reduces the peak pressure on the skull (1)

- Protects the brain from sudden acceleration/deceleration (1)

MS9:

- Impulse = F * t = p = mv (1)

- Where F is force, t is time, m is mass, and v is velocity (1)

- Substituting values: 200 * 0.01 = 0.06 * v (1)

- Velocity = 33.33 m/s (1)

MS10:

- Coefficient of restitution (e) = Velocity after impact (v') / Velocity before impact (v) (1)

- Ranges from 0 to 1 (1)